:root{
  /* Typography */
  --site-font: "Muli", "Mulish", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  --body-font: var(--site-font);
  --header-font: var(--site-font);

  /* Color Palette */
  --ust-blue: #003367;
  --blue-light: #E1F5FE;
  --blue-mid: #2F6FA8;
  --gold: #996600;
  --gold-accent: #BE9006;
  --gold-hover: #D4A017;
  --text-main: #1b1f24;
}

/* Base typography */
html,
body,
button,
input,
textarea,
select{
  font-family: var(--site-font) !important;
}

body{
  font-weight: 400;
  color: var(--text-main);
}


/* Keep theme components on the same CKRI-style typeface */
.navbar,
.navbar-custom,
.intro-header,
.site-footer,
main,
article,
.page-heading,
.post-heading,
h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,
p,li,a,span,strong,em,small,summary,figcaption{
  font-family: var(--site-font) !important;
}

/* Links */
a{ color: var(--ust-blue); }
a:hover,a:focus{ color: var(--gold); }

/* ================================
   Header typography (TITLE)
   ================================ */
.intro-header .site-heading h1,
.intro-header .page-heading h1,
.intro-header .post-heading h1{
  color: var(--ust-blue) !important;
  font-family: var(--site-font) !important;  /* TITLE FONT */
  font-weight: 500 !important;
  letter-spacing: 2.5px;
}

.intro-header .page-heading h1{
  font-size: 2.35rem !important;
  line-height: 1.15 !important;
}

/* subtitle */
.page-subheading{
  color: var(--gold) !important;
  /*font-family: 'Cutive Mono', cursive !important;*/  /* subtitle font */
  font-family: var(--site-font) !important;
  font-size: 1rem !important;
  font-weight: 500 !important;
  line-height: 1.25 !important;
  letter-spacing: 3.0px !important;
  text-transform: none !important;
}

/* Content headings */
h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{
  color: var(--blue-mid);
  font-weight: 400;
}

main h2,
main h3{
  font-size: 1.55rem;
  line-height: 1.25;
}

/* ================================
   Navbar
   ================================ */

.navbar{
  background-color: var(--ust-blue);
  border-color: var(--ust-blue);
  padding-top: 0.36rem;
  padding-bottom: 0.36rem;
}

/* group name */
.navbar .navbar-brand{
  color: #ffffff !important;
  font-family: 'Kaushan Script', cursive !important; /* group name font */
  font-weight: 350;
  font-size: 1.5rem !important;
  letter-spacing: 1px;
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  padding-top: 0.2rem;
  padding-bottom: 0;
  text-transform: none;
  transition: color 0.3s ease-in-out;
}

.navbar .navbar-brand:hover,
.navbar .navbar-brand:focus{
  color: var(--gold) !important;
  transition: color 0.3s ease-in-out;
}

.navbar .navbar-brand-logo{
  height: 40px;
  width: auto;
  margin-right: 0.6rem;
  display: inline-block;
}

.navbar .navbar-nav .nav-link{
  color: #ffffff !important;
  font-family: var(--site-font) !important; /* nav font */
  font-weight: 600;
  font-size: 1rem !important;
  letter-spacing: 0.5px;
  padding-top: 0.30rem;
  padding-bottom: 0.30rem;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.navbar .navbar-nav .nav-link:hover,
.navbar .navbar-nav .nav-link:focus{
  background-color: transparent !important;
  color: var(--gold-accent) !important;
}

.navbar .navbar-nav .active > .nav-link{
  background-color: transparent !important;
  color: var(--gold-accent) !important;
  border-bottom: 2px solid var(--gold-accent);
}

@media (max-width: 1199.98px){
  .navbar{
    flex-wrap: nowrap !important;
    align-items: center;
    min-height: 50px;
    padding-top: 0.18rem;
    padding-bottom: 0.18rem;
  }

  .navbar .navbar-brand{
    flex: 0 0 auto;
    margin-right: 0.45rem;
    white-space: nowrap;
  }

  .navbar .navbar-brand-logo{
    height: 32px;
    max-width: 78px;
    margin-right: 0;
    object-fit: contain;
  }

  .navbar .navbar-brand:nth-of-type(2){
    flex: 1 1 auto;
    min-width: 0;
    overflow: hidden;
    text-overflow: ellipsis;
    font-size: clamp(1.1rem, 5vw, 1.35rem) !important;
  }

  .navbar .navbar-nav .nav-link{
    padding-top: 0.22rem;
    padding-bottom: 0.22rem;
  }

  .navbar .navbar-toggler{
    order: 3;
    flex: 0 0 auto;
    margin-left: auto;
    padding: 0.12rem 0.42rem;
  }

  .navbar .navbar-collapse{
    position: absolute;
    top: 100%;
    left: 0;
    right: 0;
    margin: 0 !important;
    padding: 0.45rem 1rem 0.65rem;
    background: var(--ust-blue);
    border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.18);
  }
}

/* ================================
   Main spacing
   ================================ */

main{
  padding-bottom: 0.35rem !important;
}

main p:last-child,
main ul:last-child{
  margin-bottom: 0.35rem !important;
}

blockquote{
  border-left: 4px solid var(--gold);
}

/* ================================
   Footer
   ================================ */

footer,
.site-footer-wrap{
  background: var(--ust-blue) !important;
  border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.18);
}

.site-footer-wrap{
  margin-top: 0.45rem !important;
  padding: 0 !important;
}

.site-footer{
  padding-top: 0.6rem !important;
  padding-bottom: 0.28rem !important;
}

.site-footer .footer-links{
  margin: 0 !important;
  padding: 0 !important;
  line-height: 1 !important;
}

.site-footer .list-inline-item{
  margin-left: 0.28rem;
  margin-right: 0.28rem;
}

.site-footer .fa-stack{
  font-size: 1.5rem !important;
  width: 2em;
  height: 2em;
  line-height: 2em;
  vertical-align: middle;
}

.site-footer .fa-circle{
  color: var(--gold-accent) !important;
}
.site-footer .fa-inverse{
  color: #ffffff !important;
}

.site-footer-text{
  margin: 0.10rem 0 0 0 !important;
  padding: 0 !important;
  font-size: 1.02rem !important;
  line-height: 1.15 !important;
  color: var(--gold-accent) !important;
}

.site-footer a{
  color: var(--gold-accent) !important;
  text-decoration: none;
}

/* ================================
   Two-column layout
   ================================ */

.two-col{
  display: flex;
  gap: 1.2rem;
  align-items: flex-start;
  margin: 0.6rem 0 1.2rem 0;
}

.two-col-media{
  flex: 0 0 320px;
}

.two-col-media img{
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
  max-height: 360px;
  object-fit: contain;
  border-radius: 6px;
  display: block;
}

.two-col-text{
  flex: 1 1 auto;
  padding-top: 0 !important;
}

.two-col-text p{
  margin-top: 0 !important;
  text-align: justify;
  text-justify: inter-word;
}

@media (max-width: 768px){
  .two-col{
    flex-direction: column;
  }
  .two-col-media{
    flex: 0 0 auto;
    width: 100%;
  }
}

/* ================================
   Members page layout
   ================================ */

.pi-center {
  width: 100%;
  padding-left: 1.8rem;
  display: block;
}

.pi-grid{
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 280px minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: 3.2rem;
  align-items: start;
  margin: 0.6rem 0 1.2rem 0;
  max-width: 1000px;
}

.pi-name-incol{
  margin: 0 0 0.6rem 0;
}

.pi-photo{
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
  border-radius: 10px;
  display: block;
  object-fit: cover;
}

.pi-email{
  margin: 0.65rem 0 0 0;
  line-height: 1.2;
  white-space: nowrap;
}

.pi-cv{
  margin: 0;
  padding-left: 1.1rem;
}

.pi-cv li{
  margin-bottom: 0.85rem;
  line-height: 1.35;
}

.pi-date{
  font-weight: 400;
  opacity: 0.9;
}

.member-grid{
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
  gap: 1.0rem 1.2rem;
  margin: 0.8rem 0 1.4rem 0;
}

.member-card{
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 1.2rem;
  padding: 0.7rem 0.8rem;
  border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
  border-radius: 8px;
}

.member-photo{
  width: 135px;
  height: 135px;
  object-fit: cover;
  border-radius: 8px;
  flex: 0 0 auto;
}

.member-name{
  font-weight: 500;
  line-height: 1.2;
}

.member-line{
  margin-top: 0.15rem;
  line-height: 1.2;
}

.alumni-list li strong {
  font-weight: 400 !important;
}

/* ================================
   Publications Accordion Styles
   ================================ */

.pub-year {
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
  padding-bottom: 0.5rem;
}

.pub-year summary {
  font-size: 1.5rem;
  font-weight: 400;
  color: var(--blue-mid);
  cursor: pointer;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  outline: none;
  list-style: none;
}

.pub-year summary::before {
  content: '▶';
  display: inline-block;
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  margin-right: 0.8rem;
  transition: transform 0.2s ease;
  color: var(--gold);
}

.pub-year[open] > summary::before {
  transform: rotate(90deg);
}

.pub-year .pub-content-wrap {
  margin-left: 0; 
  margin-top: 0.5rem;
}

.pub-year .pub-year {
  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
  margin-left: 0; 
}

.pub-year .pub-year:last-child {
  border-bottom: none;
}

.pub-list {
  padding: 0.8rem 0 0.8rem 0; 
  font-size: 1rem; /* Reduced body font size slightly for cleaner look */
}

.pub-list ul {
  list-style-type: none;
  padding-left: 0;
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

.pub-list li {
  margin-bottom: 2.2rem; /* Increased vertical spacing between papers */
  line-height: 1.5;
  text-align: justify;
}

.pub-title {
  color: var(--ust-blue);
  font-weight: 400;
}

/* Publication count badge - Adaptive Pill Shape */
.pub-count {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  background-color: var(--blue-light); 
  color: var(--ust-blue); 
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-weight: 550;
  min-width: 28px;
  height: 28px;
  padding: 0 8px;
  border-radius: 15px;
  margin-left: 12px;
  vertical-align: middle;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

summary:hover .pub-count {
  background-color: var(--gold-hover); 
  color: var(--ust-blue);
}

@media (max-width: 768px){
  .pi-center { padding-left: 0; }
  .pi-grid{ grid-template-columns: 1fr; text-align: center; }
  .pi-photo-wrap { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; }
  .pi-photo{ max-width: 280px; }
  .pi-cv { text-align: left; margin-top: 1rem; }
  .pi-email{ white-space: normal; }
  .member-grid{ grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
}


/* --- Journal Covers Carousel Styles --- */

/* Outer container: Adds padding for arrows and bottom margin */
.journal-carousel {
  padding: 20px 10px;
  margin-bottom: 2rem;
  position: relative;
}

/* The visible window: Clips the content that flows outside */
.journal-carousel .carousel-inner {
  display: flex;
  overflow: hidden; /* Important: Hides images 6, 7, 8 */
  /* Added vertical padding to prevent images from being clipped when scaled up on hover */
  padding: 15px 0;
}

/* The moving track: Holds all images in a row and handles the slide animation */
.journal-carousel .cards-wrapper {
  display: flex;
  width: 100%;
  transition: transform 0.5s ease-in-out; /* Smooth slide effect */
  align-items: center;
}

/* Individual image box: Fixed to 20% width to show exactly 5 items */
.journal-carousel .cover-wrapper {
  flex: 0 0 20%; /* Each item takes up 1/5 of the container */
  padding: 0 4px; /* Narrow gaps as requested */
  text-align: center;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
}

/* Cover image: Size control and depth */
.cover-img {
  max-height: 200px;
  width: auto;
  max-width: 100%;
  object-fit: contain;
  box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
  transform-origin: center center; /* Center-aligned scaling */
  transition: transform 0.3s ease;
  border-radius: 2px;
}

/* Hover effect for covers */
.cover-img:hover {
  transform: scale(1.08);
}

/* --- Arrow Controls Refined --- */

.carousel-control-prev-icon,
.carousel-control-next-icon {
  background-image: none !important;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  transition: transform 0.2s ease-in-out;
}

/* Gold arrow shape */
.carousel-control-prev-icon::after,
.carousel-control-next-icon::after {
  content: '';
  display: inline-block;
  width: 18px;
  height: 18px;
  border-top: 3.5px solid var(--gold);
  border-left: 3.5px solid var(--gold);
}

.carousel-control-prev-icon::after {
  transform: rotate(-45deg);
}

.carousel-control-next-icon::after {
  transform: rotate(135deg);
}

/* Position arrows slightly outside the carousel */
.carousel-control-prev {
  left: -15px; /* Adjust this value to move closer or further */
  width: 50px;
}

.carousel-control-next {
  right: -15px;
  width: 50px;
}

/* Hover effect for arrows: Scale up and no background shadow */
.carousel-control-prev:hover .carousel-control-prev-icon,
.carousel-control-next:hover .carousel-control-next-icon {
  transform: scale(1.25);
}

.carousel-control-prev:hover,
.carousel-control-next:hover {
  background: transparent !important;
}


/* Publication figures copied from the legacy publication page */
.pub-images{
  --pub-figure-height: 220px;
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: nowrap;
  gap: 0.75rem;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  margin-top: 0.85rem;
  max-width: 100%;
  overflow-x: auto;
  overflow-y: hidden;
  padding-bottom: 0.2rem;
}

.pub-images img{
  flex: 0 0 auto;
  height: var(--pub-figure-height);
  max-width: min(32vw, 360px);
  width: auto;
  object-fit: contain;
  border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
  border-radius: 6px;
  background: #fff;
}

.pub-images img:only-child{
  max-width: min(100%, 520px);
}

@media (max-width: 768px){
  .pub-images{
    --pub-figure-height: 170px;
    gap: 0.6rem;
  }

  .pub-images img{
    max-width: 82vw;
  }
}


/* Home news */
.home-news{
  margin: 1.6rem 0 2.4rem;
}

.home-news > h2{
  margin-bottom: 1.1rem;
}

.home-news-item{
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(220px, 0.9fr) minmax(320px, 1.35fr);
  gap: 2rem;
  align-items: center;
  padding: 1.15rem 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
}

.home-news-item:last-child{
  border-bottom: 0;
}

.home-news-copy time{
  display: block;
  color: var(--ust-blue);
  font-size: 1.55rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  line-height: 1.15;
  margin-bottom: 0.8rem;
}

.home-news-copy p{
  margin: 0;
  font-size: 1.06rem;
  line-height: 1.55;
}

.home-news-item img{
  width: 100%;
  max-height: 300px;
  object-fit: contain;
  justify-self: center;
  border-radius: 6px;
  background: #fff;
}

@media (max-width: 768px){
  .home-news-item{
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 1rem;
  }

  .home-news-copy time{
    font-size: 1.35rem;
  }

  .home-news-item img{
    max-height: none;
  }
}


/* Home hero image */
.intro-header.home-hero-header{
  margin-top: 0 !important;
  position: relative;
  aspect-ratio: 5999 / 2439;
  min-height: 0;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5)), url('/assets/img/home/hkust-clear-water-bay-hero.jpg?v=20260507');
  background-size: cover;
  background-position: center center;
}

.intro-header.home-hero-header .container-md{
  position: relative;
  z-index: 1;
}

.intro-header.home-hero-header .page-heading{
  padding-top: 4.5rem;
  padding-bottom: 4.5rem;
}

.intro-header.home-hero-header .page-heading h1{
  text-shadow: 0 1px 8px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.75);
}

.intro-header.home-hero-header .page-subheading{
  text-shadow: 0 1px 6px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.75);
}

@media (max-width: 768px){
  .intro-header.home-hero-header{
    aspect-ratio: auto;
    min-height: 360px;
    align-items: flex-start;
    background-position: center top;
  }

  .intro-header.home-hero-header .page-heading{
    padding-top: 7.25rem;
    padding-bottom: 2.75rem;
  }

  .intro-header.home-hero-header .page-heading h1{
    font-size: 1.85rem !important;
    line-height: 1.18 !important;
    letter-spacing: 1.2px;
  }

  .intro-header.home-hero-header .page-subheading{
    font-size: 0.86rem !important;
    line-height: 1.35 !important;
    letter-spacing: 1.4px !important;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 768px){
  .intro-header:not(.home-hero-header){
    margin-top: 4.4rem;
    margin-bottom: 1rem;
  }

  .intro-header:not(.home-hero-header) .page-heading{
    padding-top: 0.35rem;
    padding-bottom: 0.35rem;
  }

  .intro-header:not(.home-hero-header) .page-heading h1{
    font-size: 2rem !important;
    line-height: 1.15 !important;
    letter-spacing: 1.2px;
  }
}